יחסים נפשיים מורכבים כהרכבות של הפרימיטיבים

Every complex emotion is a combination of the three primitives — joy, sadness, and desire — shaped by whether the underlying ideas are adequate or inadequate.

• III.P11.note
• III.P3

Love is joy with the idea of an external cause; hate is sadness with an external cause; hope is inconstant joy from the image of a future thing whose outcome is in doubt.

• III.AffDef.6
• III.AffDef.7
• III.AffDef.12

The General Definition of the Emotions defines a passion as a confused idea whereby the mind affirms a greater or lesser force of existence in the body.

• III.AffDef.gen

Active emotions, by contrast, flow from adequate ideas.

• III.Def.3
• III.P3